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      "text": "Container layout — contiguous vs node-based, in cache lines",
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      "text": "std::vector<int>  /  flat_map  /  std::array\ncontiguous heap allocation; cache-friendly",
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      "text": "std::vector\n────────\ndata ──→ ●\nsize\ncapacity",
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      "text": "Iteration cost:\n≈ 1 cache miss per 16 ints (4 B × 16 = 64 B)\nL1 hardware prefetcher loves this\nmeasured at < 1 ns per element on a warm cache",
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      "text": "std::list<int>  /  std::map<K,V>  /  unordered_map\none heap allocation per element; cache-unfriendly",
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      "text": "data: 2\nnext →",
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      "text": "data: 3\nnext ...",
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